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1 Dynamic Associates, Inc.
NASDAQ: DYASУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Dynamic Associates, Inc.
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2 DYAS
НАСДАК: Dynamic Associates, Inc. -
3 Dyas
НАСДАК: Dynamic Associates, Inc. -
4 DCA
1) Компьютерная техника: Disastrous Creative Attempt, Dragon's Coven of America, digital customer access2) Биология: desoxycorticosterone acetate4) Военный термин: Defence Communications Act, Defence Costs Agreement, Deputy Chief of Staff for Administration, Director of Civil Affairs, Director of Community Activities, Distributed Computing Architecture, damage control assistant, defense cooperation agreement, defense counterattack, defensive counterair, design change authorization, direction center, active, directional control aid, distance of closest approach, dual-capable aircraft5) Техника: 2, 4-dichloroanisole, Defense Communication Agency, Digital Computer Association, Dosimeter Corporation of America, data collection antenna, data correction amplifier, defense communications, deflection coil amplifier, deuterium critical assembly, digital command assembly, digitally controlled attenuator, direct-current amplifier, direct-current arc, direction center active radar, double conversion adapter, drain channel A, drift correction amplifier, drift correction angle, dual channel annunciation, dynamic correction of astigmatism6) Шутливое выражение: Disney's Confusing Adventure7) Химия: Dichloroacetic8) Автомобильный термин: Distance Control Assist9) Биржевой термин: Dollar Cost Averaging10) Металлургия: direct contact aftercooler11) Сокращение: Defence Co-operation Agreement, Defence Co-operation in Armaments, Defence Codification Authority (UK), Defense Communications Agency (USA), Defense Contre Avions (Anti-aircraft defence (France)), Defensive Counter-Air, Department of Consumer Affairs, District Court of Appeals, Drug Control Agency, Defence Communications Agency, Distributed Communications Architecture, Department of Criminal Justice12) Электроника: Digitally Controlled Amplifier, Direct Chip Attach, Direct chip attachment13) Вычислительная техника: Data Center Automation, Defense Communications Agency, Digital Communication Associates, Distributed Communication Architecture, Document Center Architecture, Document Content Architecture, data communication adapter, data communications adapter, Document Content Architecture (IBM, CCS), Distributed Communication Architecture (Sperry Univac), Digital Controlled Amplifier (VCA), Defense Communications Agency (organization, USA, Mil., Vorlaeufer, DISA)14) Нефть: Detection of Conductivity Anomalies15) Биохимия: Direct Colorimetric Analysis16) Банковское дело: Агентство по сбору долгов (Debt Collection Agency)17) Транспорт: Washington National Airport18) Сетевые технологии: Digital Communications Associates, data communication processor, процессор передачи данных19) Телефония: Dynamic Content Adapter20) Общая лексика: diesel coolant additive21) Расширение файла: Driver Control Area, Document Content Architecture (IBM), Document Content Architecture text file (IBM DisplayWrite)22) Должность: Department Computer Assistant23) NYSE. D Q E Capital Corporation24) Аэропорты: Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, Washington D. C. (Arlington, VA) USA -
5 DMA
1) Общая лексика: Датское медицинское агентство2) Компьютерная техника: Direct Memory Addressing3) Американизм: Defense Mapping Agency4) Военный термин: Defence Manufacturers Association, Director of Military Assistance, Division of Military Application, depot maintenance activity, divisional maintenance area5) Техника: data management analysis, differential mode attenuation, digital modular avionics, disodium monomethylarsonate, drum memory assembly6) Сельское хозяйство: Dry Matter Accumulation, Dairy Herd Improvement Association (US)7) Химия: Dimethyl Acetamide, N, N-Dimethylacetamide8) Биржевой термин: Day Moving Average, Direct Market Access9) Телекоммуникации: Direct Memory Access (computers)10) Сокращение: Defence Mineral Administration, Defense Mapping Agency (USA), Delay Arming Mechanism, Delegation Ministerielle pour l'Armament, The Defence Manufacturers Association of Great Britain Ltd (UK)11) Театр: Dance Masters Of America12) Физика: Dynamic Memory Address13) Вычислительная техника: Document Management Alliance, direct memory address, Direct Memory Access (DMA), direct memory access14) Нефть: Defense Minerals Administration, Управление стратегического минерального сырья (США; Defense Minerals Administration)15) Космонавтика: прямой доступ в память16) Силикатное производство: dynamic mechanical analysis17) Фирменный знак: Dale Morris & Associates, Database Marketing Agency, Inc., Direct Marketing Association18) Реклама: Сфера маркетингового влияния19) СМИ: Designated Market Area, Digital Media Arts20) Деловая лексика: Dominant Marketing Area21) Образование: Department of Medical Assistance, Direct Memory Acces22) Сетевые технологии: Distant Monitor Access, процессор прямого доступа, система управления документооборотом23) Полимеры: dimethyl amine24) Программирование: Display Memory At25) Океанография: Differential Mobility Analyzer26) Макаров: динамомеханический анализ27) Молочное производство: Deoxyribonucleic Acid28) Расширение файла: Direct Memo Access, Direct Memory Access/Addressing29) Майкрософт: прямой доступ к памяти (DMA)30) Чат: Don't Mention Age31) Единицы измерений: Days Moving Average32) СМС: Doesn't Mean Anything -
6 Creativity
Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with DisorderEven to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)[P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity
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